Cardiac Pacemakers Essays (2830 words) - Cardiac Arrhythmia

Cardiac Pacemakers CARDIAC PACEMAKERS BY RYAN HEATH - ECEN 4011/5011 - BIOLOGICAL CONTROL SYSTEMS * PROFESSOR WACHTEL PROFESSOR STODIED PROFESSOR TODD * -- MAY 7, 1998 -- The heart is bestowed with a specialized system that automatically generates rhythmic control via the sinus node, located in the superior lateral wall of the right atrium near the opening of the superior vena cava. The specialized pacemaker cells dictate control of the rest of the heart through regular electrical impulses that propagate from the right atria to the lower ventricles. The rapid conduction of these impulses cause the muscle cells of the atria to contract and squeeze blood into the ventricles, which contract and force blood into the aorta and pulmonary arteries. Abnormalities of the heart rhythm, called arrhythmias, can disrupt this normal cardiac control making it necessary to use some artificial means to regulate the rhythm of the heart. Today, some half a million men and women, most of them over the age of sixty, carry implanted cardiac pacemakers that take over the duties of the natural conduction system. Tens of thousands of these devices are implanted each year in t his country alone. Over the past thirty years cardiac pacemakers have evolved from simple devices only capable of fixed-rate stimulation of a single chamber of the heart to more sophisticated implanted computers that medical personnel can interrogate and reprogram from outside the patient's body. These refinements have allowed for more physiologic pacing with maintenance of atrioventricular synchrony and cardiac output. There are various types of cardiac pacemakers available today that can be surgically implanted to treat specific arryhythmic disorders in the heart. Abnormal rhythms in the heart are one of the most frequent causes of heart malfunction, and in most cases necessitate some type of cardiac pacing unit. Cardiac arrhythmias are common in the elderly, in whom age-related physiologic changes often alter the conduction system of the heart. Such changes may remain asymptomatic, or they may progress to syncope, or possibly sudden death. In the event of acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias are no more frequent in the elderly than in younger subjects; in fact, ventricular premature beats are seen less commonly in patients aged seventy years and older. Age is also not a factor in determining the success of resuscitation from cardiac arrest, although it may be a predictor of six-month survival. In general, there is nothing unique about arrhythmias in the elderly. All of the commonly encountered arrhythmias may be seen in older patients. Arrhythmias may occur in otherwise normal hearts, but with increasing age, associated cardiac disease be comes more likely. A possible exception is atrial flutter; in younger patients, its presence almost always indicates a serious cardiac disorder. There are two indications for antiarrhythmic therapy: relief of symptoms and prevention of more malignant arrhythmias. In elderly patients, pacemakers are the preferred treatment for bradyarrhythmias. Most arrhythmias occur in response to the aging heart. In the sinoatrial node, the number of pacemaker cells decreases, until often less than 10% of the normal complement remain after age 75. Beginning at age 60, there is a detectable loss of fiber from the fascicles of the left bundle branch. Commonly, less than one-half the original number remain, the others having been replaced by fibrous tissue. Microcalcification is often found in this region, and can be related to both age-associated change and pathologic processes. There is also some fibrous tissue replacement of conduction fibers in the distal conduction system, as well as occurrences of fibrosis and hyalinization in the media of the blood vessels supplying the conduction tissue. Any of these age related processes can lead to a disrupted rhythmic and conduction system of the heart. One type of arrhythmia, bradycardia, normally necessitates the surgical implantation of a pacemaker device. Bradycardia is a circulatory condition in which the myocardium contracts steadily but at a rate of less than sixty contractions a minute. This condition may be normal in some physically fit people, where their pulse may be quite slow. This is because an athlete's heart is considerably stronger and is capable of pumping a larger volume of blood per heart beat than someone who is less physically active. However, in other people, cardiac output is decreased which can cause faintness, dizziness, chest pain, and eventually syncope and circulatory

Compare and Contrast the Glorious Revolution and the America essays

Compare and Contrast the Glorious Revolution and the America essays What were the worldwide effects on the political expectations for self-government and individual liberty after the American Revolution and the Glorious Revolution? I believe that the American Revolution was not a fair war because the British had a huge advantage. The British had a bigger and better army, while the Americans had almost nothing. The Americans were inexperienced and were mainly comprised of farmers fighting for independence. Even though the Americans had some soldiers willing to fight, the Americans were unable to pay the soldiers enough money to fight a war and they did not have enough food, supplies, guns, ammunition, and war ships. I believe that the Glorious Revolution ended up the way that it did because the people did not like James II and did not agree with the things that he wanted to do while in power.The Glorious Revolution was fought while James II was king because he made some decisions that the people did not like. One reason why England did not like James II was because he wanted to convert the religious beliefs of the thoroughly Protestant England to a Catholic religion. The people did not agree to many of his ideas. Even though James was able to create a very strong army, he was not able to conquer other lands and gain the respect of his men. While they were at war his army abandoned James II to fight for other sides. After James was left by his men, Parliament claimed that he had abandoned his country and went into exile in France. On February 6, 1689, James II was succeeded by William of Orange as the new King and his wife, Mary, James IIs daughter, became Queen of England. A few months later, James II decided that he wanted to come back to England to try and regain the throne, but failed along with his son and grandson who also tried to assume their line for the throne. Now the American Revolution was a war whose main purpose was for the Americans to escape from England&ap...

An investigation on consumer perception and trust in e-banking Literature review

An investigation on consumer perception and trust in e-banking transactions through mobile phone.The case of Lloyds TSB - Literature review Example E-banking is also known as internet banking which is an extension of personal computer banking (Stair & et. al., 2009). E-banking utilises internet as a medium for conducting several banking activities such as money transfer, bill payment, balance observation and purchase of financial products among others. E-banking is the outcome of explored opportunity to utilise internet applications in several fields of banking (Bak & Stair, 2011). According to Fonchamnyo (2012), e-banking has experienced rapid growth and changed the traditional banking practices of customers. This growth can lead to massive shift in banking practices leading to advanced business performance. In fact, e-banking has become a major trend for banks to sell their products and services and is perceived to be an inevitable component or ally for banks to remain profitable and successful. However, the acceptance of e-banking is not even particularly between developed and developing nations. It is believed that the diffe rent perceptions of customers about the use of e-banking result in trust and adoption of e-banking facilities (Scribd, 2013). Mobile banking is a subsection of e-banking which has gained growing popularity amongst numerous segments of society. Mobile banking denotes the provision of banking services with the aid of telecommunication devices (Sarlak & Hastiani, 2010). With the use of mobile technology, banks can provide several services to the customers such as money transfer whilst travelling, obtaining online updates or even conducting stock trading and financial transaction activities while being caught in traffic. Therefore, mobile banking provides convenient, simple and timeless banking experience (Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, 2013). The mobile e-banking phenomenon which can expressively influence banks’ operational efficiency and services, is gaining status in developed nations. However, irrespective of its several advantages, the use of mobile phone in banking ac tivities is still in the beginning phase, particularly in developing nations (Burri & Cottier, 2012). Following the technological developments, mobile phones are permeating in every aspect of life. The quick propagation of mobile phone not only has transformed the manner in which people live, but also has created a new channel for service delivery. The elevated penetration rate of mobile phone has resulted in increased use of mobile devices for the purpose of banking as it adds more value to the customers (Kumar, 2009; IBM Corporation, 2011). The prospect of mobile e-banking relies on customers’ perception. Customers are only willing to conduct mobile e-banking transaction, if they acquire value from it. From the perspective of customers, this value can be defined with respect to customer perception of using a new technology (Yang & Ma, 2012). 2.2 Consumer Perception Theory 2.2.1 Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) On the basis of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) model, the ov erall feeling or attitude towards the utilisation of technology oriented system is a key determinant of adoption of any

Theory and Application Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Theory and Application - Research Paper Example Center of discussion in this paper is the theory as a systematic representation of a genuine problem, articulated as far as possible in mathematical terms in the natural sciences or logical (or strictly linguistic terms) in the life and social sciences. Theory basically refers to the research that leads to some conclusion regarding the hypotheses or that results in derivation of a hypothesis through experimentation. â€Å"Practice is viewed as action that treats real things: real acts, real teachers, real children, things richer and different from their theoretical representations†. Application or practice as the word suggests is application of the knowledge i.e. it is the practical aspect of the theoretical background. Since it the application that is usually important considering it is the application or practice that basically judges the theory hence it is important to integrate theory and practice. However, there is a significant gap between theory and practice. Especially , when it comes to the recent research being conducted, practitioners usually remain unaware of them, that has resulted in a widening gap between theory and practice. Hence it becomes necessary to understand the differences that exist between theory and it application in order to apply theories better to practice. Mullen et al. while discussing the theory-practice relationship explain that even though most consider theory and practice to be part of same world but even so they have different existence and we need to learn of ways to integrate the two. In their paper, they suggest three basic methods of integrating the two. The three methods mentioned are: metaphor, reflection and inquiry, and binocular vision. Regarding metaphor they state that â€Å"Metaphor can be used to capture a flexible, creative, and analytic form of integration†¦sees metaphor as the use of a word, phrase, or image in place of another to imply a likeness or comparison†(Mullen et al. 2005). They ref er to the system where we can analyze the situation, understand the problem, interpret it in various terms so as to be able to think of different solutions to the problem and apply the solution that best suits the problem. Reflection refers to the reflective conversation with the subjects involved. Mullen et al. (2005) refers to reflective practitioner as one who communicates with the subjects involved and thus gathers information that he utilizes in practice. However, it has a limited use since not all areas can utilize the method mentioned. Besides, communication skills are limited to individual abilities and hence do not provide a sure method for bridging the gap. Binocular vision refers to the concept where theory and practice are considered as the two lenses of the same binocular. Thus, they are considered as a part of the whole and are supposed to be naturally present in any given situation (Mullen et al. 2005). Exploring the mentioned methods Mullen et al. suggest that theory and practice are not to be viewed as part of different phenomenon instead they always exist in a situation as a whole. Further, it is difficult to state whether theory follows practice or practice follows theory instead they co-exist like the lenses of a binocular. Hammond, Rosso, Orcutt, and Martin (2011) in their attempt to develop better educational practices

How sympathetic a character Essay Example for Free

How sympathetic a character Essay Upon reading Aristophanes Wasps for the first time, Procleon, the antihero of the play, evokes a strange sort of sympathy. The part of us that wants to rebel against the system identifies with his character, and admires the way in which, in the second half of the play, he does what the man in the street would really like to do (K Dover) and generally places himself above authority. Aristophanes loads Procleons character with vulgarity and nastiness, but does it in such a way that an audience seeing the play for the first time will focus on sympathizing with him as the `heroic character more than his deep-seated and twisted darker side. For instance, in the first scene we see Procleon trapped inside his own home, treated not like a villain or monster, but a mentally ill obsessive, or trialophile. The more you warn him, the more he goes to court. Thats why weve had to bolt him in and guard the house for fear he gets out. The way the two slaves describe Procleons personality is quite comic. They describe him as a sad old man. He then tries to escape later on by holding on to the bottom of a donkey as it comes out of the house, in a parody of Odysseus in Homers Odyssey. On one hand, we find his wit amusing, and he tries to mirror the cunning of Odysseus, and on the other hand we laughingly pity him for trying such an idea, especially onstage as it looks absurd. Aristophanes is poking fun at the latest trend in Athenian society in the ridiculous person of Procleon. However, Athenian litigiousness and trial mania are not his only target. In his conversion from his former jurymans life, Procleon becomes a caricature of an upper-class snob engaging in one of the well-heeled sets favourite addictions: dressing up in your finery, attending drinking parties and meetings of secret societies and going on drunken rampages through the streets, beating up passers by, knocking over statues, mauling slaves and women, etc. By the end of the play, its hard to tell whether Procleon is ny better off for having traded a poor mans pastime for a rich mans. In the first half of the play, we  see Procleon as a bloodthirsty bastard, a sadistic slave to Cleon whose only friends are the similarly savage, vespine jurymen. Just seeing this feeble army of nasty old men, we find immediate comedy. On the surface, nothing about Procleon seems too bad, just a rather crazed old man with a strange obsession. He enjoys voting defendants down: he is comically sadistic. D. MacDowell However, when we look deeper into the play and Procleons character, we see that there is a far darker and more sinister side to him. First of all, there is the fact that the only reason he enjoys sitting on the jury so much is so that he can wreak pain and suffering upon innocent people. I long to come to court with you, some solid, lasting harm to do. There is also the way in which he treats his daughter, in a rather incestuous manner. she leans over to give me a kiss and fish out those three obols with her tongue! spends his days in the infliction of pain on others and his evenings in running his hand up his daughters skirt. K Dover.

Riddles :: essays research papers

1. Can you name three consecutive days without using the words Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday?†¦Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow 2. What falls but never breaks? What breaks but never falls?†¦Night and Day! 3. Wat is black when u buy it, red when u use it, and gray when u throw it away?†¦ Charcoal 4. Woman shoots her husband, holds him underwater for 5minutes, and finally hangs him. They were seen five minutes later. How is it possible†¦ The woman was a photographer, took a picture, developed it, and hung it up. 5. The word candy can be spelled in two letters†¦. C and Y 6. Name an English word of more than 2 letters that both begins and ends with the letters "he" in that order. There are two possible answers. "hehe" is not acceptable. haha!†¦ Headache or Heartache. 7. Who makes it, has no need of it. Who buys it, has no use for it. Who uses it can neither see nor feel it†¦. Coffin 8. Whoever makes it, tells it not. Whoever takes it, knows it not. And whoever knows it wants it not†¦. Counterfeit money 9. Why is six afraid of seven†¦Because seven eight nine 10. Johnny's mother had three children. The first was April, the second was May. What was the name of her third child?†¦.Johnny 11. Why is it against the law for a man living in North Carolina to be buried in South Carolina?†¦Because he is still living 12. There was an airplane crash, every single person died, but two people survived. How is this possible?†¦They were married 13. That attorney is my brother, testified the accountant. But the attorney testified he didn't have a brother. Who is lying?†¦The accountant was his sister 14. A man and his son were in an automobile accident. The man died on the way to the hospital, but the boy was rushed into surgery. The emergency room surgeon said "I can't operate, that's my son!" How is this possible?†¦The mother was the surgeon. 15. Forewards it is heavy, backwards it is not†¦Ton 16. The more you feed it, The more it grows high,But if you give it water It shall quickly Die†¦Fire 17. The Begining of eternity, the end of space, the begining of every end, The end of every place†¦.The letter E 18. What starts with P, ends with E, and has thousands of letters in it?...Post Office 19. Ten copycats were sitting on a bridge. One jumped off, how many were left?†¦None they were copycats 20. What state is inside another state?†¦Arkansas 21. What state is full of color?†¦Colorado 22. What state has 2,000 pounds of dirty laundry?†¦Washington 23. What state makes you feel bad?

“Good Day Sunshine” Poem Analysis Essay

Journal 1 I think â€Å"Good Day Sunshine† is the poem that I can identify most because this is the poem the author shows his happiness and excitement for get a new girlfriend. The meaning I draw from this song is that a man fell in love with his new girlfriend, referred to in the song â€Å"I feel good in a special way, I’m in love and it’s a sunny day†. We can also think the special day is the day that the author fall in love, although actually is a normal day, for the author is sunny and special. There is a poetic devices is used in this poem—rhyme. It can make the readers much better to feel the author’s feeling. Although this is a simple and easy understanding poem, the rhyme and the feeling inside that the readers may love it. Q: What is the image you get when you read this poem? Journal 2 For today journals, both of them are difficult for me to understand. Nevertheless, I can still draw something from the poem King Of Pain. In this poem, we can see that the author was under a great painful form â€Å"There’s a little black spot on the sun today, the same old thing as yesterday, there’s a black hat caught in a high tree top†. Because the author was under a great painful, everything in his eyes is black, old and shabby. Also, from the words â€Å"it’s my soul up there†, it told us that the author felt bad as the black old thing, it’s also mean that the author’s soul is out of his body. In this poem, we can easy to find couples of poetic devices in it. There are catharsis, similes and personifications. These poetic devices make this poem have a stronger feeling and let the reader much easier to understand. Q: What is the image you get when you read this poem? Journal 3 For today poems, actually all are not difficult to understand, they have seldom writing skills and poetic devices, like the poem Tom’s Diner. This poem not only a poem, but also the words of song. In this song you can easy understand that the author feel in love in the person who the author love so much, but the author feel shy and never to tell the person, so the author wrote this poem like telling a story to the readers. However, we readers can draw that the author had not shown the love to the one the author love at the end of the poem. I think this is a sad ending. For the poetic devices of this poem, I think we can name it telling stories. Q: Is the author a man or a woman? Journal 4 This is the most strange love poem that I have ever met. For the name of poem-My Mistresses Eyes. I think this is not the true mistress of the author, only the author loves this woman so much and treats her as a mistress. And now let us have a look to this poem, the author said â€Å"My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun; Coral is far more red than her lips’ red; If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun; If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head†. All of them are saying that his mistress is not beautiful, nice and even ugly. But this is a love poem, not a satire poem, how can the author wrote this in a love poem? As far as I am concerned, the author wrote this that mean he do not care how many bad qualities the woman had. We always say if you love a person, all bad things will become good. In this poem, we can see that metaphor and imagery were used in it. These poetic devices make this poem has a stronger feeling and let the readers much easier to understand. Q: What is the image of the woman you get when you read this poem? Journal 5 Vegetarians, obviously this poem is about a group of people who only eat vegetables and maybe also about their food. Then when you read this poem you will find my hypothesis is correct. The author wrote this poem not only describe the vegetarians and different kind of vegetables, but also want more people to understand what is vegetarian. This poem begins with â€Å"Vegetarians are cruel, unthinking people. Everybody knows that a carrot screams when grated†. Made the vegetables look like human being, describes the thing when vegetables were eaten. I think this author must love meat so much. There are two poetic devices in this poem, one is personification and the other one is imagery. These poetic devices make this poem has a stronger feeling and let the readers much easier to understand. Journal 6 All today poems are social commentary again, difficult part for me. As far as I am concerned, the strange fruit in this poem mean black people. So this poem tells us how the black people be treated in the past, the white people treated black people liked animals, not human beings. â€Å"Southern trees bear a strange fruit, blood one the leaves and blood at the root, black bodies swinging in the southern breeze, strange fruit hanging from the poplar trees†. Strange fruit just like black people, black people just like strange fruit, both of them were hung on the trees. This also mean white people treated black people as object, not human beings. For the poetic devices in this poem, it has personification and metaphor. These poetic devices make the readers much easier to understand how white people treated black people in the past.